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La metodología de Planificación Centrada en la Persona (PCP) cada vez tiene mayor impacto en España. Comenzando desde las distintas legislaciones que regulan la atención a este colectivo en las diferentes autonomías y terminando en los centros que proveen este servicio. No obstante, existe escasa literatura internacional de estudios empíricos a grandes escalas que sitúen este enfoque metodológico en una posición relevante que garantice la eficacia de la PCP. El objetivo principal de este estudio es conocer el estado del uso de la metodología de PCP a través de estudios avalados empíricamente que sostengan tanto beneficios como limitaciones durante los últimos 10 años (2012-2022). Para ello, se ha realizado una revisión sistemática desde las directrices de PRISMA (2020), que incluye un total de 31 artículos. Como conclusión, se han descubierto más beneficios que limitaciones entre las que destacan las ventajas en su uso para las personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo y las mejoras de aspectos relacionados con la autodeterminación. No obstante, las limitaciones prevalecen por la falta de apoyos y recursos adecuados de las organizaciones para responder a una planificación centrada en la persona y la necesidad de formación de las personas implicadas en la elaboración de la PCP, lo que genera la incógnita de si se están realizando buenas prácticas en el uso de dicha metodología. (AU)
The methodology of Person Centered Planning (PCP) is having an increasing impact in Spain. Starting from the different legislations that regulate the attention to this group in the different autonomous regions and ending in the centers that provide this service. However, there is little international literature on large-scale empirical studies that place this methodological approach in a relevant position to guarantee the efficacy of PCP. The main objective of this study is to know the status of the use of PCP methodology through empirically supported studies that sustain both benefits and limitations during the last 10 years (2012-2022). For this purpose, a systematic review has been conducted since the PRISMA guidelines (2020), including a total of 31 articles. As a conclusion, more benefits than limitations have been found, among which the advantages in its use for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and improvements in aspects related to self-determination stand out. However, limitations prevail due to the lack of adequate support and resources from organizations to respond to person-centered planning and the need for training of the people involved in the development of the PCP, which raises the question of whether good practices are being carried out in the use of this methodology. (AU)
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Discapacidades del Desarrollo , Discapacidad Intelectual , Personas con Discapacidad , EspañaRESUMEN
La metodología de Planificación Centrada en la Persona (PCP) cada vez tiene mayor impacto en España. Comenzando desde las distintas legislaciones que regulan la atención a este colectivo en las diferentes autonomías y terminando en los centros que proveen este servicio. No obstante, existe escasa literatura internacional de estudios empíricos a grandes escalas que sitúen este enfoque metodológico en una posición relevante que garantice la eficacia de la PCP. El objetivo principal de este estudio es conocer el estado del uso de la metodología de PCP a través de estudios avalados empíricamente que sostengan tanto beneficios como limitaciones durante los últimos 10 años (2012-2022). Para ello, se ha realizado una revisión sistemática desde las directrices de PRISMA (2020), que incluye un total de 31 artículos. Como conclusión, se han descubierto más beneficios que limitaciones entre las que destacan las ventajas en su uso para las personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo y las mejoras de aspectos relacionados con la autodeterminación. No obstante, las limitaciones prevalecen por la falta de apoyos y recursos adecuados de las organizaciones para responder a una planificación centrada en la persona y la necesidad de formación de las personas implicadas en la elaboración de la PCP, lo que genera la incógnita de si se están realizando buenas prácticas en el uso de dicha metodología. (AU)
The methodology of Person Centered Planning (PCP) is having an increasing impact in Spain. Starting from the different legislations that regulate the attention to this group in the different autonomous regions and ending in the centers that provide this service. However, there is little international literature on large-scale empirical studies that place this methodological approach in a relevant position to guarantee the efficacy of PCP. The main objective of this study is to know the status of the use of PCP methodology through empirically supported studies that sustain both benefits and limitations during the last 10 years (2012-2022). For this purpose, a systematic review has been conducted since the PRISMA guidelines (2020), including a total of 31 articles. As a conclusion, more benefits than limitations have been found, among which the advantages in its use for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and improvements in aspects related to self-determination stand out. However, limitations prevail due to the lack of adequate support and resources from organizations to respond to person-centered planning and the need for training of the people involved in the development of the PCP, which raises the question of whether good practices are being carried out in the use of this methodology. (AU)
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Discapacidades del Desarrollo , Discapacidad Intelectual , Personas con Discapacidad , EspañaRESUMEN
3D printing has enabled modifying internal structures of the food affecting textural properties, but predicting desired texture remains challenging. To overcome this challenge, the use of response surface methodology (RSM) was demonstrated to develop empirical models relating 3D printing parameters to textural properties using aqueous inks containing cricket powders as a model system. Regression models were established for our key textural properties (i.e., hardness (H), adhesiveness (A), cohesiveness (C), and springiness (S)) in response to three 3D printing parameters: infill percentage (i), layer height (h), and print speed (s). Our developed model successfully predicted the 3D printing parameters to achieve the intended textural properties using a multi-objective optimization framework. The predicted limits for H, A, C, and S were 0.66-5.39 N, 0.01-12.43 mJ, 0.01-1.05, and 0-19.20 mm, respectively. To validate our models, we simulated the texture of other food using our model ink and achieved high accuracy for H (99%), C (82%), and S (87%). This work highlights a simple way to 3D-print foods with spatially different textures and materials, unlocking the full potential of 3D printing technology for manufacturing a range of customized foods.
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Scientific, medical, and technological knowledge has transformed our world, but we still poorly understand the nature of scientific methodology. Science textbooks, science dictionaries, and science institutions often state that scientists follow, and should follow, the universal scientific method of testing hypotheses using observation and experimentation. Yet, scientific methodology has not been systematically analyzed using large-scale data and scientific methods themselves as it is viewed as not easily amenable to scientific study. Using data on all major discoveries across science including all Nobel Prize and major non-Nobel Prize discoveries, we can address the question of the extent to which "the scientific method" is actually applied in making science's groundbreaking research and whether we need to expand this central concept of science. This study reveals that 25% of all discoveries since 1900 did not apply the common scientific method (all three features)-with 6% of discoveries using no observation, 23% using no experimentation, and 17% not testing a hypothesis. Empirical evidence thus challenges the common view of the scientific method. Adhering to it as a guiding principle would constrain us in developing many new scientific ideas and breakthroughs. Instead, assessing all major discoveries, we identify here a general, common feature that the method of science can be reduced to: making all major discoveries has required using sophisticated methods and instruments of science. These include statistical methods, particle accelerators, and X-ray methods. Such methods extend our mind and generally make observing, experimenting, and testing hypotheses in science possible, doing so in new ways and ensure their replicability. This provides a new perspective to the scientific method-embedded in our sophisticated methods and instruments-and suggests that we need to reform and extend the way we view the scientific method and discovery process.
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Introduction: Dental pulp stem cells from humans possess self-renewal and versatile differentiation abilities. These cells, known as DPSC, are promising for tissue engineering due to their outstanding biological characteristics and ease of access without significant donor site trauma. Existing methods for isolating DPSC mainly include enzyme digestion and explant techniques. Compared with the enzymatic digestion technique, the outgrowth method is less prone to cell damage and loss during the operation, which is essential for DPSC with fewer tissue sources. Methods: In order to maximize the amount of stem cells harvested while reducing the cost of DPSC culture, the feasibility of the optimized explant technique was evaluated in this experiment. Cell morphology, minimum cell emergence time, the total amount of cells harvested, cell survival, and proliferative and differentiation capacity of DPSC obtained with different numbers of explant attachments (A1-A5) were evaluated. Results: There was a reduction in the survival rate of the cells in groups A2-A5, and the amount of harvested DPSC decreased in A3-A5 groups, but the DPSC harvested in groups A1-A4 had similar proliferative and differentiation abilities. However, starting from group A5, the survival rate, proliferation and differentiation ability of DPSC decreased significantly, and the adipogenic trend of the cells became more apparent, indicating that the cells had begun to enter the senescence state. Discussion: The results of our study demonstrated that the DPSC obtained by the optimized explant method up to 4 times had reliable biological properties and is available for tissue engineering.
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Dwindling of fossil fuels and the global climate change has prompted civilization to look into alternate energy sources. This has led to explore inexhaustible and sustainable resources in the domain of renewable energy. Among all sources renewable energy, biofuel produced from biomass has great prospect for energy security as well as environmental safety over fossil fuels. The present work tries to explore the performance attributes and emission characteristics of a CI engine utilizing spirulina microalgae biodiesel blend comprising of 20% algae biodiesel blended with 80% diesel. This blend is tested in a diesel engine at varying engine load conditions of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% at variable injection timing of 20°, 23°, 25°, and 28° bTDC, respectively at compression ratio of 18. Based on experimental results, the peak brake thermal efficiency for injection timing of 20°, 23°, 25°, and 28° bTDC at 100% engine load were observed to be 26.79%, 23.77%, 24.77%, and 25.09%, respectively for the biodiesel blend in comparison to 27.76% of diesel mode whereas the emissions levels were found to minimum at 20° bTDC. On the part of emission, the average drop in CO emissions for injection timing of 20°, 23°, 25°, and 28° bTDC were found to be 53.46%, 43.71%, 44.34%, and 50.31%, respectively for biodiesel blend as compared to diesel mode. For the same setting, in comparison diesel mode, the average fall in HC emissions were found to be 42.32%, 34.13%, 30.37%, and 37.54%, respectively, and the rise of NOx emissions were found to be 8.06%, 5.55%, 3.51%, and 3.04%, respectively. Response surface methodology was applied for optimization of operating parameters of the algae biodiesel blend run diesel engine. The desirability based study revealed that at 85.19% engine load and injection timing of 20° bTDC were optimal operation settings which resulted in engine performance of 25.44% brake thermal efficiency. The emission level at this setting was observed to be reduced to 27.68 ppm CO, 1.60% CO2, 24.65 ppm HC, and 182.15 ppm NOx.
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PURPOSE: The aim of this article was to investigate whether Schirmer strips gathered during clinical dry eye examinations can be prepared for omics analyses in a standardized way, to adjust for variations in tear volume and enable two separate omics analyses from the same sample. In addition, the intention was to investigate whether fluorescein dye instillation in the eyes gave bias effects on metabolomic analysis. METHODS: Twelve samples from six individuals, with normal or reduced tear production, were collected. Half of the samples were harvested after instillation of fluorescein in the eye. Each strip was divided in half along the length and prepared with a new method for extracting tear content from the Schirmer strip. The new method was established to compensate for different dilutions of metabolites in varying Schirmer strip wetting levels when using identical extraction volume for all samples. Metabolomic data were compared in samples with and without fluorescein dye and Schirmer strips ranging from 1 to 35 mm wetting levels using a global LC-MS method. RESULTS: All samples were successfully analyzed with an average of â¼350 relevant features detected per sample after using both positive and negative electrospray ionization mode, despite low tear volumes in some samples and that only one half of the Schirmer strips were used. Principal component analysis plots and heatmaps revealed no bias effects of fluorescein dye presence or different Schirmer strip values when using the proposed method. CONCLUSION: A high number of relevant metabolomic features can be extracted from longitudinally cut halves of Schirmer strips, which may enable analyses with more than one omics modality from the same sample. With the pre-analytical method described, Schirmer strips can be used for metabolomic analyses even in cases of very low or high tear volume with or without fluorescence.
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OBJECTIVES: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal condition. A respectful patient-doctor relationship with good communication is crucial for optimal treatment. Q-methodology is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods used to study subjectivity. The aim of this study was to compare viewpoints on IBS between patients with IBS and general practitioners (GPs). METHODS: We conducted a Q-methodology study by including 30 patients and 30 GPs. All participants were asked to complete Q- sorting of 66 statements on IBS using an online software program. Data were processed using factor analysis. In addition, 3 patients and 3 GPs were interviewed. RESULTS: Three factors were extracted from both groups: Patient Factor 1 'Question the diagnosis of IBS', Patient Factor 2 'Lifestyle changes for a physical disorder', Patient Factor 3 'Importance of a diagnosis', GP Factor 1 'Unknown causes of great suffering', GP Factor 2 'Lifestyle changes are important, stress makes IBS worse', GP Factor 3 'Recognized the way IBS affects patients'. There was a strong and statistically significant correlation between patient Factor 1 and GP Factor 1, with a Pearson's r of 0.81 (p < 0.001). Correlations between other factors varied. CONCLUSIONS: There was consensus between patients and GPs that IBS is a physical and not a psychiatric disorder of unknown etiology. They also seemed to agree that IBS has a great negative impact on patients' lives and that lifestyle changes are beneficial. There were conflicting opinions regarding gender, cultural factors and the use of antidepressants.
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In 2020, during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, the British Journal of Psychiatry (BJPsych) established a series of free online teaching sessions called BJPsych Journal Clubs. Their educational purpose is two-fold: (a) to provide junior psychiatrists with a friendly but large-scale platform to evaluate and critically appraise recent articles published in the BJPsych and (b) to present new research findings in an open and accessible manner. In this paper, we discuss our framework, the challenges we encountered, how the original model is evolving based on feedback from trainees, and tips for success when delivering international online journal clubs.
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As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, anatomy education was forced to adopt online modes of delivery. Previous research on student views revealed areas of strong preference (asynchronous lectures) and strong dislike (virtual specimens) in online anatomy courses. The current study seeks to compare the views of a single cohort of students experiencing both online and in-person undergraduate introductory anatomy and physiology courses. This comparison can highlight what students consider beneficial to their education and can inform future hybrid course offerings. Q-methodology was used to assess the opinions of students. Students sorted 41 statements on anatomy education in a quasi-normally distributed grid based on their degree of agreement with the statements. The rankings underwent a by-person factor analysis which categorized students with shared perceptions into groups. Data were collected from 246 students in the primarily online fall semester and 191 students in the primarily in-person winter semester. Analysis revealed three distinct factors (groups) in the cohort. Factor one (n = 113 (fall), n = 93 (winter)), was satisfied overall with the course materials and delivery. Factor two (n = 52 (fall), n = 18 (winter)) had a deep dislike of online learning, and factor three (n = 37 (fall), n = 49 (winter)) had a strong preference for online learning. While many students were comfortable in both online and in-person learning environments, this was not the case for all learners. The strengths and weaknesses of each teaching modality suggest the opportunity to explore hybrid learning as an option for future course offerings and specifically highlight valuable aspects to incorporate from each environment.
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Membrane-less single-medium sediment microbial fuel cells (single-SMFC) can remove Cu2+ from sediment through electromigration. However, the high mass transfer resistance of the sediment and amount of oxygen at the cathode of the SMFC limit its Cu2+ removal ability. Therefore, this study used an oxygen-releasing bead (ORB) for slow oxygen release to increase oxygen at the SMFC cathode and improve the mass transfer property of the sediment. Resultantly, the copper removal efficiency of SMFC increased significantly. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the nano zero-valent iron (nZVI)-modified biochar as the catalyst to enhance the ability of the modified ORB (ORBm) to remove Cu2+ and slow release of O2. The maximum Cu2+ removal (95 %) and the slowest O2 release rate (0.41 mg O2/d·g ORBm) were obtained when the CaO2 content and ratio of nZVI-modified biochar to unmodified biochar were 0.99 g and 4.95, respectively. When the optimized ORBm was placed at the single-SMFC cathode, the voltage output and copper removal increased by 4.6 and 2.1 times, respectively, compared with the system without ORBm. This shows that the ORBm can improve the migration of Cu2+ in the sediment, providing a promising remediation method for Cu-contaminated sediments.
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BACKGROUND: Ensuring the emotional wellbeing of participants in violence-focused research is a paramount ethical requirement. While previous research suggests that most participants in violence-focused studies do not report harmful consequences, little is known about the experiences of adolescent participants in low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE: This study, conducted in Maharashtra, India, aims at assessing how participant, contextual, and interviewer characteristics affect the level of distress that adolescent girls experience after participation in a violence survey. METHODS: A total of 3049 13-18-year-old girls were interviewed on their experiences of family and intimate partner violence. Following the interview, both girls and interviewers completed a 5-item questionnaire on perceived participant distress. Linear regression analyses were conducted to identify possible correlates of girls' distress. RESULTS: Less than 10 % of participants reported feelings of distress upon completion of the interview. Higher levels of interviewers' empathy were significantly associated with decreased levels of participants' distress (standardised beta: -0.25, p < 0.001). Reported distress was also lower if girls had opted for an audio- and mobile-assisted self-interview (ACASI) format (standardised beta: -0.05, p < 0.01) and if the interview was conducted by someone older (standardised beta: -0.22, p < 0.001). Conversely, if interviews were conducted in participants' homes and by interviewers with higher education levels, reported distress was significantly higher (standardised beta: 0.06, p < 0.01 and 0.12, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that incorporating empathetic interviewing and trust-building techniques into interviewer training, offering ACASI interviews, and choosing interview locations that ensure confidentiality can help protect the wellbeing of participants in violence research.
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Mixed methods research is a popular approach used to understand persistent and complex problems related to quality and safety, such as reasons why interventions are not implemented as intended or explaining differential outcomes. However, the quality and rigour of mixed methods research proposals and publications often miss opportunities for integration, which is the core of mixed methods. Achieving integration remains challenging, and failing to integrate reduces the benefits of a mixed methods approach. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to guide quality and safety researchers in planning and designing a mixed methods study that facilitates integration. We highlight how meaningful integration in mixed methods research can be achieved by centring integration at the following levels: research question, design, methods, results and reporting and interpretation levels. A holistic view of integration through all these levels will enable researchers to provide better answers to complex problems and thereby contribute to improvement of safety and quality of care.
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Working memory capacity (WMC) has been measured with a plethora of cognitive tasks. Several preeminent automated batteries of working memory (WM) tasks have been developed recently. However, despite all their advantages, most batteries were programmed in paid platforms and/or only included a single WM paradigm. To address these issues, we developed the OpenWMB, an automated battery comprising seven tasks from three distinct paradigms (complex spans, updating tasks, and binding tasks) that tap into several functional aspects of WM (simultaneous storage and processing, updating, and binding). The battery runs on open-source software (OpenSesame) and is freely available online in a ready-to-download format. The OpenWMB possesses flexible features and includes a data processing script (that converts data into a format ready for statistical analysis). The instrument is available in Portuguese and English. However, we only assessed the psychometric properties of the former version. The Portuguese version presented good internal consistency and considerable internal and predictive validity: all tasks loaded into a single factor. Additionally, the WMC estimate was strongly correlated with a fluid intelligence factor. This study also tried to contribute to the ongoing debate regarding the best method to assess WMC. We computed a permutation analysis to compare the amount of variance shared between a fluid intelligence factor and (1) each WM task, (2) homogenous WMC factors (based on multiple tasks from the same paradigm), and (3) heterogeneous WMC factors (derived from triplets of tasks from different paradigms). Our results suggested that heterogeneous factors provided the best estimates of WMC.
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Trade restrictions are often advocated and implemented as measures to protect wild species threatened by overexploitation. However, in some instances, their efficacy has been questioned, notably by governments in the southern African (SADC) region, which tend to favor a sustainable use approach to wildlife management. We conducted a systematic review of published literature guided by the PRISMA process to examine the effectiveness of trade restrictions and directly related control measures in addressing threats to species conservation in the SADC region, with a focus on elephants (Loxodonta sp.), rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum, Diceros bicornis), lions (Panthera leo), and pangolins (Manis sp.). We focused in particular on the direct conservation impact of trade restrictions at species or population level, indirect conservation impact at human behavior or attitude level, and socioeconomic impact on rural livelihoods and well-being and on national economies. Research on these topics was uneven and focused strongly on the effects of trade restrictions and law enforcement on crime-related behavior. Research gaps include socioeconomic impacts of trade restrictions, including effects of international restrictions on local livelihoods and consequent secondary conservation impacts, and evaluations of attempts to disrupt criminal networks. Based on the reviewed impact evidence, the effectiveness of international trade restrictions depends on a range of fully aligned measures in countries of origin, transit, and consumption. For example, our results suggest positive ecological short-term but negative or unknown long-term socioeconomic impacts of domestic restrictions. Based on these findings, key policy requirements include more nuanced approaches to incorporate a range of appropriate measures in range, transit, and consumer countries, that focus on capacity development for early detection and apprehension of incursions inside protected areas; measures for constructive engagement with relevant local communities outside protected areas; and future research to improve understanding of the socioeconomic contribution of wildlife.
Revisión sistemática del impacto de las medidas restrictivas de comercio de vida silvestres sobre la conservación de especies icónicas en el sur de África Resumen Las restricciones comerciales a menudo se promueven e implementan como medidas para proteger a las especies silvestres amenazadas por la sobreexplotación. Sin embargo, en algunas instancias, su eficacia ha sido cuestionada, en particular por gobiernos de la región del sur de África (SADC), que tienden a favorecer un enfoque de uso sustentable para el manejo de la vida silvestre. Realizamos una revisión sistemática de la literatura publicada guiada por el proceso PRISMA para examinar la efectividad de las restricciones comerciales y las medidas de control directamente relacionadas para enfrentar las amenazas a la conservación de especies en la región de la SADC, con un enfoque en elefantes (Loxodonta sp.), rinocerontes (Ceratotherium simum, Diceros bicornis), leones (Panthera leo) y pangolines (Manis sp.). Nos centramos en particular en el impacto directo sobre la conservación de las restricciones comerciales a nivel de especie o población, el impacto indirecto sobre la conservación a nivel de comportamiento o actitud humana, y el impacto socioeconómico en los medios de vida y el bienestar rurales y en las economías nacionales. La investigación sobre estos temas fue desigual y se centró principalmente en los efectos de las restricciones comerciales y la aplicación de la ley en el comportamiento relacionado con el delito. Los vacíos a investigar incluyen los efectos de las restricciones internacionales sobre los medios de vida locales y los consiguientes impactos secundarios en la conservación, y evaluación de los intentos de desarticular las redes criminales. Con base en la revisión de la evidencia del impacto, la efectividad de las restricciones de comercio internacional depende de una gama de medidas totalmente alineadas en los países de origen, tránsito y consumo. Por ejemplo, nuestros resultados sugieren impactos socioeconómicos ecológicos positivos a corto plazo, pero negativos o desconocidos a largo plazo, de las restricciones nacionales. Con base en estos hallazgos, los requisitos clave para la definición de políticas incluyen enfoques más matizados para incorporar una variedad de medidas apropiadas en los países de origen, tránsito y consumidores que se centren en el desarrollo de capacidades para la detección temprana y la detención de incursiones dentro de áreas protegidas; medidas para un compromiso constructivo con las comunidades locales relevantes fuera de las áreas protegidas; e investigaciones futuras para mejorar la comprensión de la contribución socioeconómica de la vida silvestre.
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The impact of community-wide teen pregnancy prevention initiatives (CWIs) on local U.S. birth rates among adolescents aged 15 to 19 years was examined using synthetic control methodology within a quasi-experimental design. CWIs were implemented in 10 U.S. communities from 2010 to 2015. Each initiative implemented evidence-based teen pregnancy prevention interventions at local organizations and enhanced best practices in adolescent reproductive health care at local health centers, while engaging diverse community sectors. The synthetic control method was used to estimate the impact of each CWI on overall and race- and ethnicity-specific teen births relative to rates in synthetic control communities. Additionally, we estimated the overall effect of CWIs across communities by pooling results from the 10 synthetic control case studies using the mean percentile rank. Pooled data across all 10 communities indicated an estimated average of 6.6 fewer births per 1000 teens per year overall during the initiative relative to each community's synthetic control (p = .001). By race and ethnicity, there were an estimated average of 6.4 fewer births per 1000 teens per year among Black teens (p = .03), 10.7 fewer births among Hispanic teens (p = .03), and 4.2 fewer births (p = .10) among White teens. Results from individual communities indicated an intervention effect on overall and/or race/ethnicity-specific teen birth rates in five communities. This study demonstrates the value of synthetic control methods in evaluating community-level outcomes of programmatic efforts. Findings indicate the CWIs had a positive impact on teen birth rates and have the potential to address racial and ethnic disparities in those rates.
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This study explored the feasibility of partially substituting NaCl with MgCl2 in preparing gel products from goose meat. Furthermore, the effects of synergistic interaction between different pH levels and NaCl concentrations on the structure and characteristics of the gels were explored by analyzing their secondary structure, microstructure, and water-distribution properties. The results showed that NaCl could be partially substituted by MgCl2, with the optimal preparation conditions: NaCl (0.83 mol/L), pH (7.3), MgCl2 (0.04 mol/L), heating temperature (79 °C), heating time (20 min), and solid-liquid ratio (1:3). Furthermore, the pH had a more significant impact on the gels' structure and characteristics than did NaCl concentration. Thus, our optimized method can reduce the usage of NaCl in the gel products while at the same time improving the characteristics of gel products under low-NaCl conditions by lowering pH, laying a solid theoretical foundation for producing low-NaCl protein gel products from goose meat.
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During the evolution of large models, performance evaluation is necessary for assessing their capabilities. However, current model evaluations mainly rely on specific tasks and datasets, lacking a united framework for assessing the multidimensional intelligence of large models. In this perspective, we advocate for a comprehensive framework of cognitive science-inspired artificial general intelligence (AGI) tests, including crystallized, fluid, social, and embodied intelligence. The AGI tests consist of well-designed cognitive tests adopted from human intelligence tests, and then naturally encapsulates into an immersive virtual community. We propose increasing the complexity of AGI testing tasks commensurate with advancements in large models and emphasizing the necessity for the interpretation of test results to avoid false negatives and false positives. We believe that cognitive science-inspired AGI tests will effectively guide the targeted improvement of large models in specific dimensions of intelligence and accelerate the integration of large models into human society.
